Journal of Discourses PDF Download: Transcribed and Published by George D. Watt in England

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Vulnerability First, we scrutinised the texts with a view to explicit considerations for the special concerns of least developed countries relating to their high poverty, limited human assets and high economic vulnerability. To what extent are implicit or explicit risk assessments in climate engineering discourses cognizant of the particularly high vulnerability of the least developed countries?

If it is rather the imagery of a liberal abortion law, allowing abortion on broad socio-economic grounds, that predominates, it is likely that medical professionals will feel more secure and comfortable providing legal abortions, also on socio-economic grounds. However, the image of the abortion law as liberal may simultaneously move attention away from actual access to legal abortion services, as it places legality rather than access in focus. In consequence, the image of a liberal law may cause further confusion and distress among girls and women seeking abortion services. If a woman in a rural area, acts upon an impression that Zambia has a liberal abortion law and seeks legal abortion in a district hospital, she runs the risk of being turned away for multiple reasons. The professional she meets may believe the service is illegal or has chosen to make use of his/ her conscientious objection, or the facility may simply not meet the required need for signatures. Confusion about the legal status of abortion emerged as a strong theme in our interviews, and health workers, activists and policy makers emphasized how they encounter confusion about the Termination of Pregnancy Act in their work. Discourses are powerful and determine what people consider to be true [23]. When the truths established by two contradicting discourses meet, on one hand the discourse of the liberal Zambian abortion law, and on the other, the discourse of the restrictive law, confusion is likely to prevail.

Depression is a mood disorder that may lead to severe outcomes including mental breakdown, self-injury, and suicide. Potential causes of depression include genetic, sociocultural, and individual-level factors. However, public understandings of depression guided by a complex interplay of media and other societal discourses might not be congruent with the scientific knowledge. Misunderstandings of depression can lead to under-treatment and stigmatization of depression. Against this backdrop, this study aims to achieve a holistic understanding of the patterns and dynamics in discourses about depression from various information sources in China by looking at related posts on social media.

Results suggested that depression was most often attributed to individual-level factors. Across all the sources, individual-level attributions were often adopted by state-owned media whereas health and academic experts and organizations most often mentioned biological causes of depression. Citizen journalists and unofficial social groups tended to make societal-level attributions. Overall, traditional media posts suggested the lowest efficacy in coping with depression and the most severe negative outcomes as compared with other sources.

In terms of severity of depression outcomes, about a half of the posts talked about the outcomes of depression. Government and media (including both the commercial media and state-owned media) were the sources mentioning suicide and murders as the outcomes of depression the most. State-owned media were especially open to mention the outcomes of depression (58.82%) as compared with other sources. Corporations, ordinary Weibo users, we media and citizen journalists were the top three sources indicating low-level severity, such as bad mood, moderate negative impact on work and daily life, etc.

In terms of the attitudes expressed towards depressed individuals, the majority of the posts (77.05%) held a neutral attitude, 12.08% held a positive attitude, and 10.86% held a negative attitude. Compared with other sources, ordinary users were more likely to reveal their attitudinal positions explicitly (either positive or negative). Government (15.38% negative, no positive) and media (14.04% negative, while 10.53% is positive) were the most inclined to express a negative attitude towards depression and depressed individuals. In contrast, we media and citizen journalists and unofficial social organizations were most likely to express a positive attitude. Among the posts by we-media and citizen journalists, 21.88% revealed a positive attitude and 6.25% showed a negative attitude. Among the posts by unofficial social organizations and groups, 16.67% held a positive attitude and 8.33% expressed a negative attitude.

Taking information sources into account, the individual-level attribution frame was the most often used frame for ordinary users, elites from other domains, market-oriented media, governments, corporations, and especially state-owned media, suggesting that the general public and organizations without health expertise are more likely to ignore the social and biomedical factors related to depression. In contrast, health experts and organizations, and academic organizations more often attributed depression to biological and medical factors. Whereas citizen journalists and unofficial social groups tended to appeal to societal-level factors as explanations.

As found in our study, 77.05% of the posts held a neutral attitude towards depressed individuals. Among the posts explicitly expressing clean-cut attitudes, the percentage of posts with positive and that with negative attitudes were roughly equal. It seems that health experts and organizations, unofficial social groups and organizations, and we media/citizen journalists were more likely to hold a positive attitude towards depressed individuals, while market-oriented media, academic organizations, and governments tended to express negative attitudes. In other words, people with expertise in depression and the grassroots organizations treat depressed individuals more positively than the governments and market-oriented media. Depending on which source people rely on more in getting depression-related information, their attitudes to depression might shift accordingly.

In the current study, we found a discrepancy between the attribution frame and solution frame in posts by mass media. Although mass media accounts highlighted individual factors causing depression such as their personalities and life-style rather than biomedical ones, when it comes to solutions, they talked more about medication and psychotherapy than self-adjustment across all three years. With a closer look at the data, we found that the inconsistency was related to the suicide of Renliang Qiao in September 2016, a famous Chinese actor and singer who had been suffering from depression. After his death, posts by mass media contained more information about coping strategies, especially seeking professional help. However, in 2014 and 2015, mass media mentioned individual-level solutions such as self-adjustment more often than biomedical ones, consistent with their pattern of attribution. What we found here also corroborates a finding from a survey that Chinese journalists had very limited knowledge about mental health such that only 10% of the journalists thought it was necessary to seek medical treatment for those with serious mental illness [48].

In conclusion, with the content analysis of depression-related discourses generated by social media users, we found depression still most often attributed to factors controllable by the depressed individuals. Mass media are especially prone to use such an attribution frame in their posts on social media. Moreover, discourses generated by mass media imply low efficacy in coping with the severe outcomes of depression. Although grassroots users and organizations are coming up with alternative attributional and solution frames, considering the authority status of mainstream mass media in shaping public opinions and its greater reach on social media platforms, the current depression-related discourses formed on Chinese social media are concerning. Campaigns promoting alternative and more sophisticated understandings about depression are needed and media institutions should aim to better translate scientific findings on depression to the public.

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A religious discourse and a human rights discourse, together with medical and legal sub discourses frame the subject of abortion in Uganda, with consequences for who is portrayed as a victim and who is to blame for abortions taking place. It shows the strong presence of the Catholic Church within the medial debate on abortion. The results also demonstrate the absence of medial statements related to abortion made by political stakeholders.

In order to better understand what values surround the subject of induced abortion and abortion legislation in Uganda, it is vital to study existing societal discourses on the subject in the country. As journalistic routines, norms and conventions create hegemonic discourse around political issues, it is vital to study how for example mainstream news media represent movements and their causes over time [8]. 2ff7e9595c